Understanding Common Dental Diseases: Cavities and Gum Disease
Two of the most common dental issues—cavities (tooth decay) and gum disease—are caused by bacterial communities found in dental plaque. This sticky film constantly forms in your mouth. In the case of cavities, the acids produced by plaque bacteria gradually wear down tooth enamel. On the other hand, gum disease triggers an inflammatory response in the tissues around your teeth. If left untreated, gum disease can lead to the formation of deep pockets around the gums, receding gum lines, loss of supporting bone, and eventually, loose or lost teeth.
The Prevalence and Risks of Gum Disease
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), half of adults over 30 in the U.S. have some form of gum disease. This figure jumps to over 70% among those aged 65 and older. Gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults and is increasingly linked to serious health issues like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, respiratory problems, and complications during pregnancy. This makes gum disease not just a dental concern, but a significant public health issue.
Risk Factors for Gum Disease
While poor oral hygiene, infrequent dental visits, and a lack of professional cleanings are the main culprits behind gum disease, other factors can also increase your risk. These include genetics, smoking, harmful oral habits, misaligned teeth, poor nutrition, stress, and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and HIV can also elevate the risk and severity of gum disease. Additionally, certain medications that cause dry mouth or gum enlargement can contribute to the problem.
Signs and Symptoms of Gum Disease
Gum disease often progresses silently, without causing much pain, so it’s easy to overlook. However, there are several signs you should be aware of:
- Red, swollen gums
- Bleeding during brushing or flossing
- Receding gums that expose tooth roots
- Sensitivity to hot or cold
- Persistent bad breath or a bad taste in your mouth
- Loose teeth
- New gaps between teeth or changes in your bite
- Changes in the fit of partial dentures
- Discharge around teeth and gums
- Pain when chewing or biting
Stages of Gum Disease: Gingivitis and Periodontitis
Gum disease begins with gingivitis, the earliest stage, which is caused by plaque buildup along the gumline. Gingivitis is common and often results in bleeding when brushing or flossing. At this stage, there’s no bone loss or deep pockets between the teeth and gums, and the condition can be reversed with professional cleanings and better oral hygiene at home.
If left untreated, gingivitis can advance to periodontitis. In this stage, the damage extends beyond the gums, leading to the loss of the tooth’s attachment to the bone, deep periodontal pockets, and the destruction of the supporting bone. Without proper treatment, periodontitis can progress from mild to severe, eventually leading to tooth loss. More advanced treatments may be necessary, including deep cleanings, root planing, surgical procedures, bone or tissue grafts, laser therapy, or antimicrobial medications.
Preventing Gum Disease: The Best Approach
The best way to combat gum disease is through prevention. By maintaining a consistent brushing and flossing routine, living a healthy lifestyle, and visiting your dentist regularly for checkups and professional cleanings, you can prevent gum disease and its serious consequences.
